ANALISIS FAKTOR PENYEBAB RENDAHNYA KEMAMPUAN LITERASI MEMBACA PADA SISWA KELAS RENDAH SEKOLAH DASAR

Abstract

Reading literacy skills are a key foundation in basic education, especially for lower grade elementary school students (Grades I–III) who are in the crucial early stages of reading development. However, many students still experience persistent difficulties in reading, which ultimately negatively impacts their academic achievement and overall learning development. This literature review study aims to comprehensively analyze and examine the internal and external factors that contribute to low reading literacy skills in lower grade elementary school students. The methodology used is a systematic literature review approach, which is carried out by collecting, synthesizing, and critically analyzing various scientific literature sources and relevant previous research results. The results show that low reading literacy skills are driven by two main interrelated dimensions. Internal factors include low interest and motivation in learning, limited intellectual ability of students in processing text information, and unstable psychological and emotional conditions of children. Meanwhile, external factors include a lack of conservation and consistency of parental involvement at home, teachers' pedagogical roles and insufficiently varied learning strategies, limited availability of appropriate literacy facilities, and excessive and uncontrolled use of digital devices. Ultimately, this study concludes the importance of building active collaboration between parents and educators, supported by the provision of adequate literacy resources, in order to effectively improve students' reading literacy skills from an early age.